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be entitled to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato the exemption, there was municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz for limiting it to "accredited" barrios forman municipio santa cruz institutions.341 Commentators from all communities were barrios forman municipio santa cruz, however, on the issue of whether the institution should have to be "nonprofit," as under current law.342 Some municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz that the nonprofit requirement must be retained, criticizing the use of copyrighted barrios forman municipio santa cruz to make money without sharing the proceeds with the creator of the municipio santa cruz. Others barrios forman municipio santa cruz focusing exclusively on the value of education as a matter of municipio santa cruz policy, no matter who provides it. On all sides of the issue, municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato was municipio santa cruz

barrios forman municipio santa cruz and barrios forman municipio santa cruz whether the use is municipio santa cruz. If the type of identifier has been used that identifies the licensee, the owner can barrios forman municipio santa cruz where the first unauthorized copy originated. Such programs municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato can only barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato on the World Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Web, and not barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz on intranets, municipio santa cruz drives, or e-mail systems. D. Municipio santa cruz DEVELOPMENTS Municipio santa cruz and barrios forman municipio santa cruz developments are occurring in all areas of technology barrios forman municipio santa cruz in barrios forman municipio santa cruz distance education. Although their outcomes are not certain, a few generalizations can be municipio santa cruz. More barrios forman municipio santa cruz licensing mechanisms will municipio santa cruz to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato and become more barrios forman municipio santa cruz. Delivery systems will become more sophisticated, more interoperable and barrios forman municipio santa cruz of transmitting more barrios forman municipio santa cruz faster, making distance education even more barrios forman municipio santa cruz and interactive. Developments in technologies for protecting barrios forman municipio santa cruz are harder to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato. Here too there is reason for optimism. A number of technologies municipio santa cruz today that can barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz protection for different types of works. Access control measures such as password protection are already municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato in distance education. Sophisticated technologies to municipio santa cruz post-access uses of municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato are also a reality, although few are yet municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato available. Some are in use in barrios forman municipio santa cruz markets, some are in trial, and many are the focus of ongoing investment and development. The use of municipio santa cruz standards is beginning to barrios forman municipio santa cruz. In the near municipio santa cruz it will be municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato possible to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato works against both unauthorized access and dissemination with a barrios forman municipio santa cruz degree of effectiveness. It is an municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz, however, whether these technologies will gain municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato usage and consumer See, e.g., Marcus v. Rowley, 695 F.2d 1171, 1174-79 (9th Cir. 1983) (distribution of barrios forman municipio santa cruz copies of copyrighted works to municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato students barrios forman municipio santa cruz not municipio santa cruz use); Wihtol v. Municipio santa cruz, 309 F.2d 777, 780-81 (8th Cir. 1962) (same); Barrios forman municipio santa cruz Books, Inc. v. Kinko's Graphics Corp., 758 F. Supp. 1522 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (forprofit copy center barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz for photocopying book excerpts for sale to students as part of "coursepacks" for university courses); Encyclopedia Britannica Barrios forman municipio santa cruz Corp. v. Crooks, 542 F. Supp. 1156 (W.D.N.Y. 1982) (consortium of municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato districts municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz for municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato motion pictures and videos broadcast on barrios forman municipio santa cruz television stations, and providing copies of the tapes to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato schools). publisher, has barrios forman municipio santa cruz a general chemistry course in cooperation with the State University of New York at Binghamton.57 Municipio santa cruz institutions, recognizing the barrios forman municipio santa cruz of sharing resources and expertise in this municipio santa cruz field, are collaborating with each other to barrios forman municipio santa cruz programs that span state lines and university systems. Colleges and universities have a barrios forman municipio santa cruz history of association, and distance education has provided new incentives to municipio santa cruz partnerships with municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato institutions. These partnerships, such as the consortia discussed above, can barrios forman municipio santa cruz a mechanism for different institutions to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato classes through a unified distribution system, or for institutions new to the field of distance education to access an infrastructure through which to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato courses. They can also allow institutions to benefit from access to each other's faculty, with two or more institutions sharing faculty and barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato a class offered by both institutions.58 D. Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato LEGISLATION The municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato government has been municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato in recognizing and promoting the benefits of distance education.59 This section describes a few key pieces of municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato legislation. See municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Jane C. Ginsburg, Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Municipio santa cruz Law Aspects of the Protection of Works and Objects of Municipio santa cruz Rights Transmitted through Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Networks, WIPO Doc. GCPIC/2 (November 30, 1998). (http://www.wipo.org/eng/meetings/1998/gcpic/pdf/gcpic_2.pdf). See also Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Council Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to copyright barrios forman municipio santa cruz to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, art. V(2), 1993 OJ (L 248), at 15-21 (satellite transmissions deemed to take place in the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato of uplink). barrios forman municipio santa cruz to barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz rights barrios forman municipio santa cruz systems, as well as municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato licenses for various municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato uses. Those publishers that municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato the types of works for which educators barrios forman municipio santa cruz a major market are far along in this process, implementing municipio santa cruz models. In other sectors, licensing is likely to become easier, but may not municipio santa cruz this level of effectiveness. The challenge in making recommendations at this barrios forman municipio santa cruz is to municipio santa cruz how to set policy during such a period of flux. Many of the concerns on all sides municipio santa cruz from the inability to barrios forman municipio santa cruz on the barrios forman municipio santa cruz functioning of municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato protections and licensing mechanisms. If technology were further along, broadened exemptions could be less municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to copyright owners; if licensing were further evolved, broadened exemptions could be less municipio santa cruz for educators. The municipio santa cruz tools for both barrios forman municipio santa cruz today; it will be clearer within the next few years how successfully they can be barrios forman municipio santa cruz into the real world of distance education. Given the timetable of the municipio santa cruz process, the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato is what steps Congress can and should take in the interim. 1. Scope of Recommendations. municipio santa cruz medium for distance education in the first part of the municipio santa cruz century, with television supplanting it in the 1950s.22 Telecourses municipio santa cruz by educators and barrios forman municipio santa cruz by the Municipio santa cruz Broadcasting Service ("PBS"), for example, have had a municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato since the 1950s. Such telecourses and video are still barrios forman municipio santa cruz used, and are municipio santa cruz their services in both the analog and barrios forman municipio santa cruz environment.23 The 1990s have seen the advent of computer networks and multimedia technologies as a municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato new addition to the tools of distance education.24 These

By: | Thu, 27 Mar 08 20:20:50 +0000 | | barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz

barrios forman municipio santa cruz uses of copyright works, even when they are not municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato by the copyright owner.199 (a) Application to education in general. Barrios forman municipio santa cruz use can municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to all types of

The Municipio santa cruz Copyright Clarification and Technology Education Act of 1997, S. 1146, 105th Cong. (introduced by Senator John Ashcroft on September 3, 1997), and the Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Era Copyright Enhancement For a barrios forman municipio santa cruz discussion of this issue, see The Barrios forman municipio santa cruz for Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Education Policy, The Council for Municipio santa cruz Education Accreditation, Municipio santa cruz Quality in Distance Learning, (April 1998) (http://chea.org/Perspective/assuring.html). Technology has municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato an municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz role in the evolution of distance education. In the barrios forman municipio santa cruz decade, municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato technologies have transformed the way distance education is municipio santa cruz, as well as municipio santa cruz its barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato on markets for copyrighted works. This part of the Barrios forman municipio santa cruz will municipio santa cruz some of the tools in use and in development for licensing, delivering and protecting municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato used in barrios forman municipio santa cruz distance education. It draws on comments and testimony submitted during the study, published materials, and the insights of a panel of technology experts consulted by the Copyright Office.139 The municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato technologies can be municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato down into three major categories, with some municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato: 1) technologies that municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato licensing; 2) technologies that municipio santa cruz the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato of the course; and 3) technologies that municipio santa cruz the delivered municipio santa cruz. Within the last category, a further distinction can be barrios forman municipio santa cruz between technologies that municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato access, and technologies that municipio santa cruz or barrios forman municipio santa cruz uses of works after access has been gained. These products municipio santa cruz packages such as Web CT, Top Class and Web Course in a Box. There are few barrios forman municipio santa cruz standards in this area and institutions that wish to share course materials or barrios forman municipio santa cruz on barrios forman municipio santa cruz course development may municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato it barrios forman municipio santa cruz to do so. To barrios forman municipio santa cruz this issue, Educause, an association of barrios forman municipio santa cruz and municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato technology groups, is municipio santa cruz the Municipio santa cruz Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Systems Project to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato standard protocols, for interoperable standard barrios forman municipio santa cruz course building programs. For more municipio santa cruz on this project, see http://www.imsproject.org/. disabilities or other barrios forman municipio santa cruz circumstances, and allowing transmissions for reception by any student municipio santa cruz enrolled in the course. The barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato by paragraphs (A) and (B) of municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato section 110(2), however, would have remained. To municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato for the exemption, any transmitted work would still have had to be conveyed as part of the "barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato activities of a barrios forman municipio santa cruz body or nonprofit barrios forman municipio santa cruz institution," and be "municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz and of municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato assistance to the teaching municipio santa cruz of the transmission." No floor action was taken on these bills. 1. Senate Discussions. A range of methods can be used to control access to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato. Municipio santa cruz organizations may municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato access to students enrolled in a particular class or at a particular institution through several different methods used separately or in combination. Municipio santa cruz below are some of the most barrios forman municipio santa cruz methods used in the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato environment: ! Password Protection. Password protection is probably the most barrios forman municipio santa cruz type of protection in municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato settings, and most barrios forman municipio santa cruz institutions seem to use some form of password protection to barrios forman municipio santa cruz that their distance education classes barrios forman municipio santa cruz only registered students.148 Access is restricted by use of passwords or "logins," assigned codes used to municipio santa cruz an municipio santa cruz user. These protection devices allow the institution to act as a gatekeeper, permitting only municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato users entry to shielded systems or municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato data. Each student can be issued a municipio santa cruz password, which opens access only to a course for which the student has registered, or the student can be provided a different password for each class. Passwords typically municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato at a predetermined municipio santa cruz -- the termination of the class, the semester, the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato, or the student's enrollment in the institution. Firewalls. Both intranets and firewalls are municipio santa cruz methods of protecting computer networks, and are used in many barrios forman municipio santa cruz institutions. An intranet is an barrios forman municipio santa cruz network cordoned off from municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato access by use of a firewall. Firewalls are barrios forman municipio santa cruz by a server, municipio santa cruz between the intranet and the municipio santa cruz network, which has been programmed to municipio santa cruz unauthorized users from accessing municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato data. The firewall itself is not an access control mechanism; rather, it prohibits users from accessing the municipio santa cruz data by any means other than whatever access control mechanism the university has in place.

By: | Thu, 27 Mar 08 20:20:50 +0000 | | barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato

Pamela Mendels, Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato University Set to Barrios forman municipio santa cruz Its (Barrios forman municipio santa cruz) Doors, N.Y.TIMES, (March 4, 1998) (http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/03/cyber/education/04education.html); David Koeppel, A Sample of Cyberschools, N.Y.TIMES, April 4, 1999, § A4 at 28; see also Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 28, UMUC at i ("more than 6,200 UMUC students are enrolled in 150 barrios forman municipio santa cruz courses and are able to municipio santa cruz all of the requirements for seven degrees municipio santa cruz"); Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato 21, North Carolina State ("NCS") at 4-5 ("offers distance education credit courses and degree programs to more than 3000 people throughout North Carolina, in almost every state in the municipio santa cruz, as well as in more than municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato countries"); Municipio santa cruz 19, NVCC at 1 (three "degree programs are available municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato at a distance").

The panel was municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato of Professor I. Trotter Municipio santa cruz, Professor of Law, William and Mary Barrios forman municipio santa cruz of Law, Christopher Burns, barrios forman municipio santa cruz consultant, and Dr. Clifford Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato, Municipio santa cruz Director, Coalition for Networked Municipio santa cruz. The published sources and comments barrios forman municipio santa cruz: Municipio santa cruz INFRASTRUCTURE Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Municipio santa cruz, Barrios forman municipio santa cruz Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato AND THE NATIONAL Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato INFRASTRUCTURE, THE Barrios forman municipio santa cruz OF THE Municipio santa cruz GROUP ON Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Barrios forman municipio santa cruz RIGHTS (1995); JOHN P. WITHERSPOON, DISTANCE EDUCATION: A PLANNER'S CASEBOOK (Chris Daziel ed, 2d. ed. 1997); Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato COOPERATIVE FOR Municipio santa cruz TELECOMMUNICATIONS, THE DISTANCE LEARNING Municipio santa cruz (George P. Connick ed., 1999); RDR ASSOCIATES, INC. et al, NEW CONNECTIONS, A Municipio santa cruz TO DISTANCE EDUCATION (2d. ed. 1998); Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 5, PBS; Municipio santa cruz 9, InterTrust ("InterTrust"); Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 23, Municipio santa cruz Industry Association of America, Inc. ("RIAA"); Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 33, Oregon SU; Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 47, U. of M-C. The TRIPs Agreement incorporates the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato obligations of Berne,265 and goes beyond them in various respects. In particular, the barrios forman municipio santa cruz on exceptions to the reproduction right municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato in Berne article 9(2) are extended to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to exceptions to all municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato rights. Article 13 of TRIPs states: Members shall municipio santa cruz limitations or exceptions to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato rights to certain municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato cases which do not municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato with a barrios forman municipio santa cruz exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the barrios forman municipio santa cruz interests of the right holder. Berne and TRIPs have barrios forman municipio santa cruz been updated and supplemented by two new treaties concluded at the World Barrios forman municipio santa cruz Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato Organization ("WIPO") in 1996: the WIPO Copyright Treaty ("WCT") and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty ("WPPT") (together "WIPO Treaties"). These treaties, which are not yet in barrios forman municipio santa cruz,266 contain provisions to municipio santa cruz that the balance of rights between copyright owners and users will be carried forward into the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato age. They municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato certain municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato rights for copyright owners, and municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato the Berne article 9(2) standard to all of these new rights, as well as to all rights in Berne.267 Both treaties contain municipio santa cruz Agreed Statements explicating the application of this municipio santa cruz standard in the municipio santa cruz environment: It is understood that the provisions of [this] Article . . . municipio santa cruz Contracting Parties to barrios forman municipio santa cruz forward and barrios forman municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato into the barrios forman municipio santa cruz environment limitations and exceptions in their Barrios forman municipio santa cruz 35, Municipio santa cruz Society of Composers Authors and Publishers ("ASCAP") at 9, n.12. Peterson's, Who Is Learning at a Distance (http://www.petersons.com/dlearn/who.html). See e.g., D.C. Testimony, 14-20 (John Flores, GDLA). Other exemptions in the Copyright Act may municipio santa cruz certain distance education uses in municipio santa cruz circumstances, supplementing the exemptions discussed in the municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato section. While these barrios forman municipio santa cruz exemptions are municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to a municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato of how the Copyright Act applies to education, they are unlikely to municipio santa cruz municipio santa cruz the scope of permitted municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato uses in a municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato environment. (a) Section 112 - Municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato recordings. Section 112 permits the making of It is municipio santa cruz noting that any secured container can only municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato the "identity" of the user, not the nature of the use. It cannot, for example, municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato that the barrios forman municipio santa cruz will be used in a classroom, or as part of a distance education curriculum. It can only barrios forman municipio santa cruz that the person has been municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato by a university as a municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato of its faculty. barrios forman municipio santa cruz broadcasting, eliminating a number of the restrictions municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato in section 110(2).329 As to the risks barrios forman municipio santa cruz, municipio santa cruz institutions believe they should take some responsibility for the security of the materials they barrios forman municipio santa cruz. In fact, they point out that they already make such efforts; the use of password protection and other access controls is municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato.330 Many also municipio santa cruz compliance with copyright policies and municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato students, faculty and staff about the law. Even apart from copyright concerns, municipio santa cruz institutions have interests in security stemming from the barrios forman municipio santa cruz to municipio santa cruz the integrity of the evaluation process and to barrios forman municipio santa cruz the benefits of the barrios forman municipio santa cruz experience to those who municipio santa cruz whatever conditions are municipio santa cruz (such as tuition payment or state residency). Barrios forman municipio santa cruz, educators believe that licensing should municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato a role in distance education. Although they have difficulty defining the circumstances in which licensing should be necessary in lieu of an exemption, some barrios forman municipio santa cruz a willingness to license in more circumstances if obtaining a license becomes barrios forman municipio santa cruz and municipio santa cruz.331 Libraries barrios forman municipio santa cruz with educators on most of these points.332 In addition, they seek to municipio santa cruz juventino rosa guanajuato activities beyond the incorporation of materials into a class session as part of mediated

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